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Last Updated August 3rd 2010, Version 3.3.5.8
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| Quick Start |
Download Documentation History Donations |
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| Introduction |
The NTFS file system
implemented in NT4, Windows 2000, Windows XP and Windows
XP-64 supports a facility known as hard links
(referred to herein as Hardlinks). Hardlinks provide
the ability to keep a single copy of a file yet have it
appear in multiple folders (directories). They can be
created with the POSIX command
ln included in the Windows
Resource Kit or the fsutil command utility
included in Windows XP. Thus, using standard
Windows facilities Hardlinks can only be created at
the command prompt, which can be tedious, especially
when Hardlinks to multiple files are required or when
one only makes occasional use of Hardlinks.
Support for Junctions in standard Microsoft software
offerings is even more limited than that offered for
Hardlinks.
Link Shell Extension (LSE) provides for the creation of Hardlinks , Junctions , Volume Mountpoints , and Vista's Symbolic Links, (herein referred to collectively as Links) and a Folder Cloning process that utilises Hardlinks or Symbolic Links. LSE, as its name implies is implemented as a Shell extension and is accessed from Windows Explorer, or similar file/folder managers. The extension allows the user to select one or many files or folders, then using the mouse, complete the creation of the required Links - Hardlinks, Junctions or Symbolic Links or in the case of folders to create Clones consisting of Hard or Symbolic Links. LSE is supported on all Windows versions that support NTFS version 5.0 or later, including Windows XP64, Vista and Windows7. Hardlinks, Junctions and Symbolic Links are NOT supported on FAT file systems, and nor is the Cloning and Smart Copy process supported on FAT file systems. Within this document the terms action button and action (pop up) menu are used to refer what are often referred to as the right mouse button and the pop up menu that is displayed when that mouse button is pressed (often referred to as the context menu). Recognising that people swap the usage of their mouse buttons, Microsoft refer to the primary and secondary mouse buttons. We prefer to refer the mouse buttons as the Select button and the Action button; and rather than terms such as Context Menu, Shell Menu, Right Mouse Menu we use the term Action menu. |
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| Installation |
The current user must have administrator privileges in order to install the software.
LSE is installed by
executing the install program
(HardLinkShellExt_$(platform).exe).
Follow the instructions issued by the program, there are no mandatory
inputs required during installation, it is possible to
change the location into which LSE is installed, the
default is |
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| Silent Installation |
LSE can also be
installed silently by specify the /S switch and an
argument for the language from a command prompt. e.g.
HardLinkShellExt_$(platform).exe /S /Language=English Currently English, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish are available as valid parameters for the /Language switch. |
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| Using Link Shell Extension |
Pick Link Source causes the selected files to be "stored" as the source for the Hardlinks that you want to create.
To create the Hardlinks a destination folder must be chosen, by clicking the mouse action button on the destination folder a menu will pop up, which will include the entry - Drop HardLink
Choosing Drop HardLink will create the Hardlinks in the selected destination folder. In Windows 2000 and XP Hardlinks can also be dropped via an Action button click in the "white space" of Windows Explorer's right pane and choosing Drop HardLink from the popup menu. It should be noted this feature is only guaranteed to work in Windows Explorer; many Explorer replacements implement an application specific white space action menu that is not readily accessible from general purpose shell extensions such as LSE.
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| Cancel current Pick Link operation |
When doing an Action button click in the destination folder
background, in addition to the Drop HardLink option there is the
possibility to Cancel Link Creation
entry.
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| Popup Submenue |
Since LSE supports Junction, Clones and with Vista & Windows7 Symbolic Links, when one or more folders are selected as the Source Links they can be dropped in several forms. To avoid crowding the popup menu, a submenu is provided that contains the different types of Links applicable to folders.
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| Drag and Drop Support |
Creating Hardlinks via drag and drop is supported, after selecting one or more files you can drag them to the destination folder with the Action button held down; when it is released choose HardLink Here from the action menu to create the Hardlinks of the selected files in the destination folder.
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| Auto Rename |
Files can be hard
linked to the same folder as the source folder. Because two
directory entries cannot have the same name, LSE uses
'HardLink of $filename' as the name of the the new
link. With Windows7 this name generation has changed, and LSE behaves under Windows7 accordingly: '$filename - Hardlink.$ext'
LSE uses
the same hydraulics as explorer when it comes to multiple
'Hardlink of $filename': It uses numbers to enumerate the
multiple hardlinks of one file in the same directory, e.g.
Hardlink (2) of $filename
The Auto Rename mechanism is also used when Junctions, Hardlink Clones,
Symbolic Links, Mountpoints or Smart Copies are created in the same directory.
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| Junction Support |
Junctions are a feature of NTFS version 5.0, they provide for the creation of linkages among directories, Junction were not supported in NTFS Version 4.0
Junctions are created in the same way as Hardlinks, except that the Source Link is a folder rather than a file. Select a folder, click the right mouse button, choose Pick Link Source from the action menu, navigate to the destination folder, click the action button, open the submenu Drop As ... and select Junction:
Junctions are marked with a small piece of chain below the folder icon.
Junctions can also be created via Drag and Drop when the selected folders are dragged with the action button pressed to a destination folder; when the right mouse button is released, select the Drop Here ... submenu and then Junction.
Junctions can be
deleted by using the Delete commands from Explorer as
usual, if Link Shell Extension is installed, because
Link Shell Extension implements a so called CopyHook handler, which
intercepts Explorers Delete commands, and thus fixes
Explorers problems with junctions. To show the origin of a junction, the reference column of a junction shows the path to which the selected junction links.
Junctions are a
powerful feature, but can also be a dangerous feature without
Link ShellExtension precautions under Windows Version < Windows Vista.
Nativly Explorer shipped with < Vista becomes unstable if you use normal delete or
rename functions on junction folders. Windows Explorer will
always terminate abruptly and depending on system settings,
Windows XP may do likewise.
To help distinguish junction folders from normal folders, an overlay icon is implemented
on junctions that shows a small two link chain under the folder icon.
Junctions can span network drives as long as the target is a mapped network drive.
Unfortunately Junctions, which have a UNC Path as target, can be created
with LSE, but even Vista seems to contain a bug, which prevents it from
dereferencing a UNC Path in a junction, even if LSE correctly sets up
the reparse info for UNC junctions. When a UNC target junction is
double clicked in explorer the error ERROR_INVALID_REPARSE_DATA(4392), will
show up and tell you that the info in the reparse point is illegal, even if
it is not.
@Microsoft: Why didn't you enable this feature for junctions, even if the syntax
for UNC junctions is defined: \??\UNC\server\share. Any help appreciated.
With Vista and Windows7 some folders, e.g. c:\Program Files needs elevation for junctions
beeing created in. This is why the famous UAC dialog must be acknowledged.
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| Replacement Junction |
Link Shell Extension brings a feature with it, which enables it
to change the target of an existing junction either via Pick/Drop
or Drag and Drop.
To use this feature simply select an existing directory as Link Source and drop it over an already existing junction. By selecting the 'Drop as ... Replacment Junction' from the action menu, the target of an already existing junction is replaced by the new picked target.
The same can be achieved via Drag an Drop. |
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| HardLink Clones |
Clones are copies of a
folder tree from a source location recreated at
destination, however the files within the new folder tree
are Hardlinks to the respective files in the source
folder tree.
HardLink Clones are created in the same way as Junctions, select a folder, click the Action button, choose Pick Link Source from the action menu...
...navigate to the destination folder, press the action button, open the Drop As ... submenu and select HardLink Clone:
HardLink Clones can also be created via Drag and Drop, select a folder and drag with the action button depressed to a destination folder. When the action button is released open the Drop Here... submenu and select HardLink Clone:
HardLink Clones are useful if you need to replicate a folder tree at a different location. The disk space required is minimal because the new structure consists entirely of NTFS directory entries with no actual data storage and hardlinks. If both files and folders are selected as Source Links and dropped as a HardLink Clone then the selected files are dropped as Hardlinks alongside the HardLink Clones. Because Clones use Hardlinks they are only available within an NTFS volume. You cannot use Cloning to replicate the folder structure on one disk volume to a different volume using Hardlink Clones, because Hardlinks are limited to operation on a single volume. The Hardlink Clone functionality is also available via command line from ln.exe via the --recursive command line switch. |
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| Smart Copy |
Smart Copy basically creates a copy of the directory structure
from the source location to the destination, but it preserves the inner
hardlink structure and inner junction/symbolic link relations of the source, and recreates this
inner hardlink structure and inner junction/symbolic link relation at the destination location:
With hardlinks it behaves as follows:
By closely looking at the above picture some can find three different types of files:
With junctions or symbolic link directories it behaves as follows:
By closely looking at the above picture some can find three different types of folders/junctions:
Windows 7 and Windows Vista support Symbolic Links, which behave as follows during Smart Copy:
By closely looking at the above picture some can find three different types of files/symbolic links:
Smart Copies are created in the same way as Junctions, select a folder, click the Action button, choose Pick Link Source from the action menu...
...navigate to the destination folder, press the action button, open the Drop As ... submenu and select Smart Copy:
Smart Copy is a must if e.g.. the whole content of a hard disk, which has lots of hardlinks/junctions/symbolic links, should be copied to another hard disk. During the Smart Copy operation empty folders get copied too and the date/time stamps of folders/junctions/symbolic links are also restored at the corresponding destination locations. Because Smart Copy creates inner hardlinks/junctions/symbolic links, this feature is only available on NTFS volumes. If Smart Copy takes longer than 250msec a progressbar shows the status of the smart copy operation. Smart Copy also processes all available alternative NTFS streams of a file. Currently ACLs are not copied with Smart Copy, but it is on LSE's todo list. When restoring Symbolic links under Windows7 and Windows Vista, LSE forks its
helper symlink.exe to forwards this operation to it, because the creation of
symbolic links needs elevation, and thus brings up the
famous UAC dialog. The current version of Smart Copy perfectly deals with inner junctions/symbolic links, but a future version will perhaps be able to also handle outer junctions/symbolic links. The Smart Copy functionality is also available via command line from ln.exe via the --copy command line switch. |
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| Smart Move |
Smart Move enables folders with junctions and symbolic links beneath to be renamed, and the
junctions and symbolic links' targets are updated below that folder. Without Smart Move
renaming of such folders would end in dead junctions and symbolic links.
With junctions or symbolic link directories it behaves as follows:
By closely looking at the above picture some can find three different types of folders/junctions:
The Smart Move functionality is integrated into Explorer seamlessly, so that you don't have to do anything special. Simply drag a folder in explorer to its destination location, or e.g. press F2 in Explorer to rename a directory and LSE will intercept this operation under the hood, takes care of junctions or symbolic links, and will update them. Intercepting move and rename operation means, that LSE takes over control before rename/move, and recursivley searches the selected folder for junctions or symbolic links. But searching large amounts of files and folders takes time, so LSE will show a progress bar when searching takes longer than 250msec.
The Smart Move functionality is also available via command line from ln.exe via the --move command line switch. Smart Move can be switched off by setting bit 2 of the DWORD value HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\LinkShellExtension\gFlags e.g the value could be 0b00000100 == 4. Please make sure that after you apply changes to gFlags explorer.exe is restarted either by killing it and restarting explorer or the hard way logging off and on |
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Volume Mount Point Support |
Volume Mountpoints are a feature of NTFS version 5.0, which provides functionality to map complete local volumes onto arbitrary disk locations. Volume Mountpoints were not supported in NTFS Version 4.0
Volume Mountpoints are created in the same way as Hardlinks, except that the Source Link is a volume rather than a file. Select a local volume, click the right mouse button, choose Pick Link Source from the action menu, navigate to the destination folder, click the action button, open the submenu Drop As ... and select Volume Mountpoint:
Volume Mountpoints can also be created via Drag and Drop when the selected local volume is dragged with the action button pressed to a destination folder; when the right mouse button is released, select the Drop Here ... submenu and then Volume Mountpoint.
Mount Points can be deleted by using the Unmount Volume command from Explorer as usual.
To show the origin of
a Volume Mountpoint, the reference column of a Volume MountPoint shows the
volume which is mounted onto the selected path.
Make sure that only local volumes can be mounted but not mapped network drives.
Vista & Windows7: With Vista & Windows7 the creation and deletion of Volume Mountpoints is bound to
successful elevation, which means that the famous UAC dialog
must be acknowledged.
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| Reference Count |
As described in the
backgrounders section within
the “default” data stream of all data objects
NTFS maintains a reference count how many NTFS directory
entries refer to object. In most scenarios each entry will
refer a different folder, although it is possible to have
multiple links to the same data object in the one folder,
providing they have folder unique names To show the reference counts, a column can be enabled in Explorers right pane by action clicking the Titles row of the details view.
After enabling the reference column the reference count is shown for each file. This feature is only available in Windows 2000 and XP, it is not supported in Windows NT4.
Vista & Windows7: In the current release of Link Shell Extension the column, which shows the reference count and the origin of the junction is not available, because the way Vista and Windows 7 handles user defined columns has been completely revamped by Microsoft and all applications working with so called ColumnHandlers have to be partially rewritten. |
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| Link Properties |
Link Shell Extension also supports
so called Explorer Property Sheets, which means that if a
file or directory property in explorer is opened, Link
Shell Extension adds its own tab to show the properties of
a hardlink, junction, volume mountpoint or symbolic link. This additional tab only shows in the file or directory properties, if the file or directory is a hardlink, junction, volume mountpoint or symbolic link, otherwise this tab is not available.
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SymbolicLink with Vista and Windows 7 |
With Windows Vista and Windows 7 NTFS introduces a
new type of link, the Symbolic Link. LSE has been extended to support this
type of Link. Creating a Symbolic Link is essentially the same as the other Link creation processes. Action click on the selected file(s) and select Pick Link Source(s) from the action menu.
Under Vista/W7 when the destination folder is action clicked the menu contains a Drop As ... submenu, to create a Symbolic Link select SymbolicLink from the submenu. Unlike Hardlinks Symbolic Links can span storage volumes.
Symbolic Links can also be selected when creating clones of existing tree structures.
If both files and folders are selected as the Source Links and dropped as a Symbolic Link Clone then the selected files are dropped as Symbolic Links alongside newly created Symbolic Link Clone folders. Symbolic Links can also be
created between directories, that's why the above screenshot
shows an action menu, which gives the choice to drop a picked
directory as Symbolic Link.
@Microsoft: Symbolic links without elevation: Lets see if this paragraph
is read by someone. I don't know if it is a bug or a feature, but some
can create symbolic links without elevation, if you create a hardlink
from a symbolic link. That sounds weird, but it works. And by a closer
look at this stuff, it can be seen, that LSE really uses CreateHardlink()
and a symbolic link is created. MS guys! Your opinion?
@Microsoft: Symbolic can span network drives as long as the target is a
drive letter mapped drive, but it fails for UNC names in symbolic link target with
error ERROR_LOGON_FAILURE(1326), even if the network is connected properly.
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| Enumeration of Hardlinks |
With Vista and Windows 7 it is possible to enumerate
all hardlink siblings to a file in constant time. Simply select a hardlinked file and select
Properties from the right click action menu:
Under XP reading and processing the unique file ID of all filenames on a disk
is necessary to gather the same information. Since this operation is timeconsuming,
the siblings of a hardlinked file are not shown immediately after opening
the properties tab, but the 'Enumerate Siblings' button must be pressed.
Enumeration of all siblings under XP can take time, because in the worst case all
files contained on a logical volume must be at least opened for the filename.
The Hardlink Enumeration functionality is also available via
command line from
ln.exe
via the --enum or the --list command line switch.
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| Vista and UAC |
One of the major Vista changes
was the so called
User Account Control (UAC). Due to UAC some API calls need
elevation to administrative level, and this elevation must be
acknowledged via the below shown dialog box.
Unfortunately, and I still can't believe this, the API call
CreateSymbolicLink is a call, which needs elevation, and thus
causes this annoying dialog box come up every time a
symbolic link is created.
UAC will be the reason, that many applications simply either
will not work, or are not useable with Windows Vista. They are
not useable, because privileged API calls and non privileged
API calls are mixed in the code, and first need to be separated
by architectural means into an separate .exe, which gets
elevated, and an .exe for the rest of the coding. |
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| Localisation |
Link Shell Extension's UI and commands are available in a few languages.
You can choose from English(default), Chinese, French, German, Italian, Polish, Brazilian Portuguese, Russian, Chinese or Spanish,
at installation time. If you would like to switch language afterwards,
modify HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\LinkShellExtension, put
The language, which is chosen at installation time, applies to the user doing the installation, and is the default setting for all other users. For any other user, who freshly logs on, LSE copies over the language and overlay icon settings from HKLM\Software\LinkShellExtension to the users settings.
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| Custom Overlay Icons |
Link Shell Extension has built in overlay icons for junctions and hardlinks. Since icons are
subject to individual taste, the icon used by LSE can be specified in the registry. Enter a
fully qualified filename (e.g. d:\MyIcons\MyBestJunction.ico) to
Both are String Values(REG_SZ). If the filename specified in the above location is wrong, the default and built in icons are used. Vista Icons: Vista is a little bit special, because overlay icons for 256x256 must not be in the lower left corner of the icon, and must not be already smaller to perfectly 'overlay' an icon. 256x256 overlay icons must fill up the complete available icon, and also must not be resized. Vista does that for you for 256x256 icons. Or in other words Vista takes any 256x256 icon and resizes it to 92x92, moves it to the left lower corner and overlays. For all other resolutions smaller than 256x256, Vista works in the same way as XP, you have to prepare an overlay icon in the lower left corner. Furthermore Vista icons should not be saved 'compressed', because XP can not read compressed icons. For my investigations the icon editor of choice capable of dealing with Vita icons was RealWorld Icon Editor Make sure that pointers for icons are stored under HKCU in the registry, and the value of these keys is specific to each user. Once a user is logged on freshly, the default values for that user are copied over from HKLM\Software\LinkShellExtension automatically.
Furthermore be aware, that changing the registry locations for overlay icons above will only
take effect after restarting the explorer.
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| Remote Capabilities |
It is little known, but the SMB networking protocol supports operations to
create remote Hardlinks, Junctions and Symbolic Links within SMB mapped
network NTFS drives.
This feature is used by Link Shell Extension, to enable the creation of
so called Remote Hardlinks, Remote Junctions, or Remote Symbolic Links. e.g.
A Hardlink has been created, which can be easily verified
Furthermore SMB also reports the reference count for Hardlinks and the junction origin for Junctions, which enables Link Shell Extension to show the properties dialog for remote files. Currently the reference count of a hardlink is reported via SMB in 90% correctly, so please be aware of this restriction. @Microsoft: Why does this happen in 90%? I have scanned my code in the meantime many times, and it is obvious, that the same call sometimes succeeds and sometimes not. Why??? If you wanna hunt down a bug in your code, please contact me!
LSE supports both, mapped network drives and UNC paths. Mapped but not available network drives can in general be the reason for sloppy explorer startup performance. Delays of a few seconds can be experienced if explorer has to check all drive mappings, especially the ones not available. This gets worse, if LSE also checks the status of all drives. To workaround this caveat, the Remote Capabilities of LSE can be turned off in general by setting bit 0 of the DWORD value HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\LinkShellExtension\gFlags e.g the value could be 0b00000001 == 1. Please make sure that after you apply changes to gFlags explorer.exe is restarted either by killing it and restarting explorer.exe or the hard way logging off and on. |
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| Removeable Media |
LSE supports removable media, which have been formatted with NTFS, to create
all kind of features it does for fixed drives too. The only limitation
is that it intentionally won't work on removable media if they
are mounted to drive A: or B:. The reason is that A: or B: are commonly used for floppy drives.
With removable media formatted to NTFS there is the slight chance that LSE reports 'Access denied' problems, when creating hardlinks or junctions. This is due to file object permissions on the removable NTFS drive, which have been created with a different computer on that removable media, thus causing this 'Access denied' messages. The solution here is to change the permission on that removable media as Administrator. |
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| Very long Path |
The Win32 API supports pathnames up to 256 characters, thus limiting
all applications to that length for pathnames.
On the other hand NTFS supports pathnames with up to 32767 characters, so some might have already experienced pathnames, which are longer than 256 characters. To deal with that, LSE can handle Very Long Path up to 32767 characters with the Hardlink Clone and the Smart Copy operation. |
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| Backgrounders |
Hardlinks are a feature common to many
Unix based systems, but are not directly available with
NT4/W2K/WXP. It is a feature, which must be supported by
the file system of the operating system.
So what are Hardlinks? It is common to think of a file as being an association between a file name and a data object. Using Windows Explorer, the file system can be readily browsed, showing a 1:1 relationship between the file name and the data object, but this 1:1 relationship does not hold for all file systems. Some file systems, including UFS, XFS, and NTFS have a N:1 relationship between file name and the data object, hence there can be more than one directory entry for a file. So, how does one create multiple entries for the same data object? In Unix there is a command line utility ln, which is used to create link entries for existing files, hence there are many file names, or so called Hardlinks, for the one data object. For each HardLink created, the file system increments a reference count stored with the data object, i.e. it stores how many file names refer to the data object, this counter is maintained (by the file system) within the data object itself. When a file name referencing a data object is deleted, the data object’s reference count is decremented by one. The data object itself only gets deleted when the reference count is decremented to zero. The reference count is the only way of determining whether there are multiple file name references to a data object, and it only informs of their number NOT there whereabouts. Junctions are wormholes in the tree structure of a directed graph. By browsing a Junction a maybe far distant location in the file system is made available. Modifying, Creating, Renaming and Deleting files within a junction tree structure operates at the junction target, i.e. if you delete a file in a Junction it is deleted at the original location. Symbolic Links are to files what Junctions are to folders in that they are both transparent and Symbolic. Transparency means that an application can access them just as they would any other file, Symbolism means that the data objects can reside on any available volume, i.e. they are not limited to a single volume like Hardlinks. Symbolic Links differ from Shortcuts in that they offer a transparent pathway to the desired data object, with a shortcut (.lnk), something has to read and interpret the content of the shortcut file and then open the file that it references (i.e. it is a two step process). When an application uses a symlink it gains immediate access to the data object referenced by the symlink (i.e. it is a one step process). |
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| Limitations |
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| History |
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| Status | The
3.3.5.x version is a stable version for WindowsXP, Windows2003 WindowsServer2008, Vista, Vista64, Windows Xp64, Windows7 Windows7_64.
Especially for Vista & Windows7 the reference count column stuff will be addressed in one of the upcoming releases.
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| Acknowledgements |
I wish to thank those
who have contributed significantly to the development of
Link Shell Extension. Those include:.
Felix Kasza for the hardlink basics with NT4. |
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| Open Issues |
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| License | The
Link Shell Extension is provided as is. See license.txt from
this distribution for legal issues. |
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| Contact / Donations |
Bug reports, or feature requests send to
Hermann Schinagl.. LSE is and will be freeware, but if LSE was really helpful for you and saved lots of your time please think of donations either via PayPal or by sending me a gift certificate from
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| Download |
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